The same holds true in animals, such as vertebrates, and fishes ( Taylor et al., 2003 Le Comber and Smith, 2004 Dehal and Boore, 2005), suggesting an important role for polyploidy in promoting phenotypic diversity ( Soltis and Soltis, 2009 Landis et al., 2018 Leebens-Mack et al., 2019). Furthermore, several of these ancestral polyploidy events can be traced back to the origin and diversification of major plant lineages, including angiosperms, core eudicots, monocots, orchids, grasses, composites, and legumes ( Van de Peer et al., 2017).
Nevertheless, there are numerous polyploid organisms around us even those currently considered diploids usually bear signatures of a polyploid ancestry ( Wendel, 2015 Van de Peer et al., 2017). Genomic instability, mitotic and meiotic abnormalities, and minority cytotype exclusion ( Levin, 1975 Comai, 2005 Madlung et al., 2005 Morgan et al., 2020) are all expected to quickly remove new polyploids from the population. Because of the well-known detrimental effects arising from doubling one’s entire chromosome set, most WGD events are not successful, as new polyploids are typically not better adapted than their diploid parent(s). Ledyard Stebbins, Jr ( Soltis et al., 2014a). Polyploidy, that is having multiple sets of chromosomes as a consequence of whole-genome duplication (WGD), has been studied for over 100 years, especially in flowering plants, dating back to the classic work of Hugo de Vries, Øjvind Winge, Cyril Darlington, and G.
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